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Prolonged dry apnoea: effects on brain activity and physiological functions in breath-hold divers and non-divers. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of voluntary breath-holding on brain activity and physiological functions. We hypothesised that prolonged apnoea would trigger cerebral hypoxia, resulting in a decrease of brain performance; and the apnoea’s effects would be more pronounced in breath-hold divers.

Trained breath-hold divers and non-divers performed maximal dry breath-holdings. Lung volume, alveolar partial pressures of O2 and CO2, attention and anxiety levels were estimated. Heart rate, blood pressure, arterial blood oxygenation, brain tissue oxygenation, EEG, and DC potential were monitored continuously during breath-holding.

There were a few significant changes in electrical brain activity caused by prolonged apnoea. Brain tissue oxygenation index and DC potential were relatively stable up to the end of the apnoea in breath-hold divers and non-divers. We also did not observe any decrease of attention level or speed of processing immediately after breath-holding.

Interestingly, trained breath-hold divers had some peculiarities in EEG activity at resting state before any breath-holding : non-spindled, sharpened alpha rhythm; slowed-down alpha with the frequency nearer to the theta band; and untypical spatial pattern of alpha activity. Our findings contradicted the primary hypothesis.

Apnoea up to 5 min does not lead to notable cerebral hypoxia or a decrease of brain performance in either breath-hold divers or non-divers. It seems to be the result of the compensatory mechanisms similar to the diving response aimed at centralising blood circulation and reducing peripheral O2 uptake. Adaptive changes during apnoea are much more prominent in trained breath-hold divers. Optimization of single shot 3D breath-hold non-enhanced MR angiography of the renal arteries.

Cardiac and navigator-gated, inversion-prepared non-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography techniques can accurately depict the renal arteries without the need for contrast administration. However, the scan time and effectiveness of navigator-gated techniques depend on the subject respiratory pattern, which at times results in excessively prolonged scan times or suboptimal image quality.

A single-shot 3D magnetization-prepared steady-state free precession technique was implemented to allow the full extent of the renal arteries to be depicted within a single breath-hold. Technical optimization of the breath-hold technique was performed with fourteen healthy volunteers. An alternative magnetization preparation scheme was tested to maximize inflow signal. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons were made between the breath-hold technique and the clinically accepted navigator-gated technique in both volunteers and patients on a 1.

The breath-hold technique provided an average of seven fold reduction in imaging time, without significant loss of image quality. Comparable single-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios of intra- and extra-renal arteries were found between the breath-hold and the navigator-gated techniques in volunteers. Furthermore, the breath-hold technique demonstrated good image quality for diagnostic purposes in a small number of patients in a pilot study.

The single-shot, breath-hold technique offers an alternative to navigator-gated methods for non-enhanced renal magnetic resonance angiography. The initial results suggest a potential supplementary clinical role for the breath-hold technique in the evaluation of suspected renal artery diseases.

Glide-Hurst, Carri K. Purpose: To evaluate intra- and interfraction variability of tumor and lung volume and position using a hybrid active breath-hold gating technique. Methods and Materials: A total of repeat normal inspiration active breath-hold CTs were acquired weekly during radiotherapy for 9 lung cancer patients scans per patient. A physician delineated the gross tumor volume GTV , lungs, and spinal cord on the first breath-hold CT, and contours were propagated semiautomatically.

Intra- and interfraction variability of tumor and lung position and volume were evaluated. Tumor centroid and border variability were quantified. Results: On average, intrafraction variability of lung and GTV centroidmore » position was 0. Increases in free-breathing tidal volume were associated with increases in breath-hold ipsilateral lung volume p breath-hold technique was reproducible within 2 mm during each fraction.

Interfraction variability of GTV position and shape was substantial because of tumor volume and breath-hold lung volume change during therapy. These results support the feasibility of a hybrid breath-hold gating technique and suggest that online image guidance would be beneficial.

Underwater study of arterial blood pressure in breath-hold divers. Knowledge regarding arterial blood pressure ABP values during breath-hold diving is scanty.

It derives from a few reports of measurements performed at the water’s surface, showing slight or no increase in ABP, and from a single study of two simulated deep breath-hold dives in a hyperbaric chamber.

Simulated dives showed an increase in ABP to values considered life threatening by standard clinical criteria. For the first time, using a novel noninvasive subaquatic sphygmomanometer, we successfully measured ABP in 10 healthy elite breath-hold divers at a depth of 10 m of freshwater mfw. ABP was measured in dry conditions, at the surface head-out immersion , and twice at a depth of 10 mfw. Underwater measurements of ABP were obtained in all subjects.

Each measurement lasted s and was accomplished without any complications or diver discomfort. No significant statistical differences were found when blood pressure measurements at the water surface were compared with breath-hold diving conditions at a depth of 10 mfw. However, our results cannot be extended over environmental conditions different from those of the present study.

Harouni, Ahmed A. Purpose An external driver-free MRI method for assessment of liver fibrosis offers a promising non-invasive tool for diagnosis and monitoring of liver disease. However, MR tagging requires multiple breath-hold acquisitions and substantial post-processing. Additionally, a new method is introduced to measure heart-induced shear wave velocity SWV inside the liver. Methods Phantom and in-vivo experiments 11 healthy subjects, and 11 patients with liver fibrosis were conducted.

Reproducibility experiments were performed in seven healthy subjects. Results Peak liver strain Sp significantly decreased in fibrotic liver compared healthy liver 6.

The two measures significantly separate healthy subjects from patients with fibrotic liver. Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of 3D single breath-hold late gadolinium enhancement LGE of the left ventricle LV using supplemental oxygen and hyperventilation and compressed-sensing acceleration.

Semi-quantitative grading of overall image quality, motion artifact, myocardial nulling, and diagnostic value was performed by consensus of two blinded observers.

Velocity encoding with the slice select refocusing gradient for faster imaging and reduced chemical shift-induced phase errors. To investigate a novel phase-contrast MRI velocity-encoding technique for faster imaging and reduced chemical shift-induced phase errors. Velocity encoding with the slice select refocusing gradient achieves the target gradient moment by time shifting the refocusing gradient, which enables the use of the minimum in-phase echo time TE for faster imaging and reduced chemical shift-induced phase errors.

Improved net forward flow agreement was measured across all vessels for slice select refocused gradient compared to flow compensated and flow encoded : aAo vs. To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional 3D single breath-hold late gadolinium enhancement LGE of the left ventricle LV using supplemental oxygen and hyperventilation and compressed-sensing acceleration.

Semiquantitative grading of overall image quality, motion artifact, myocardial nulling, and diagnostic value was performed by consensus of two blinded observers. Dosimetric comparison of moderate deep inspiration breath-hold and free-breathing intensity-modulated radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer. This study determined the dosimetric comparison of moderate deep inspiration breath-hold using active breathing control and free-breathing intensity-modulated radiotherapy IMRT after breast-conserving surgery for left-sided breast cancer.

Thirty-one patients were enrolled. One free breathe and two moderate deep inspiration breath-hold images were obtained. A field-in-field-IMRT free-breathing plan and two field-in-field-IMRT moderate deep inspiration breath-holding plans were compared in the dosimetry to target volume coverage of the glandular breast tissue and organs at risks for each patient.

The breath-holding time under moderate deep inspiration extended significantly after breathing training P breath-holding in the target volume coverage. The volume of the ipsilateral lung in the free-breathing technique were significantly smaller than the moderate deep inspiration breath-holding techniques P breath-holding plans.

The dose to ipsilateral lung, coronary artery and heart in the field-in-field-IMRT were significantly lower for the free-breathing plan than for the two moderate deep inspiration breath-holding plans all P breath-holding plans.

The whole-breast field-in-field-IMRT under moderate deep inspiration breath-hold with active breathing control after breast-conserving surgery in left-sided breast cancer can reduce the irradiation volume and dose to organs at risks.

There are no significant differences between various moderate deep inspiration breath-holding states in the dosimetry of irradiation to the field-in-field-IMRT target volume. Asystole and increased serum myoglobin levels associated with ‘packing blackout’ in a competitive breath-hold diver. Many competitive breath-hold divers use ‘glossopharyngeal insufflation’, also called ‘lung packing’, to overfill their lungs above normal total lung capacity. This increases intrathoracic pressure, decreases venous return, compromises cardiac pumping, and reduces arterial blood pressure, possibly resulting in a syncope breath-hold divers call ‘packing blackout’.

We report a case with a breath-hold diver who inadvertently experienced a packing blackout. During the incident, an electrocardiogram ECG and blood pressure were recorded, and blood samples for determinations of biomarkers of cardiac muscle perturbation creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme CK-MB , cardiac troponin-T TnT , and myoglobin were collected. The ECG revealed short periods of asystole during the period of ‘packing blackout’, simultaneous with pronounced reductions in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures.

Serum myoglobin concentration was elevated 40 and min after the incident, whereas there were no changes in CK-MB or TnT. The ultimate cause of syncope in this diver probably was a decrease in cerebral perfusion following glossopharyngeal insufflation. The asystolic periods recorded in this diver could possibly indicate that susceptible individuals may be put at risk of a serious cardiac incident if the lungs are excessively overinflated by glossopharyngeal insufflation.

This concern is further substantiated by the observed increase in serum myoglobin concentration after the event. Paced respiration with end-expiration technique offers superior BOLD signal repeatability for breath-hold studies. As a simple, non-invasive method of blood oxygenation level-dependent BOLD signal calibration, the breath-hold task offers considerable potential for the quantification of neuronal activity from functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI measurements. With an aim to improve the precision of this calibration method, the impact of respiratory rate control on the BOLD signal achieved with the breath-hold task was investigated.

In addition to self-paced breathing, three different computer-paced breathing rates were imposed during the periods between end-expiration breath-hold blocks.

The resulting BOLD signal timecourses and statistical activation maps were compared in eleven healthy human subjects. Results indicate that computer-paced respiration produces a larger peak BOLD signal increase with breath-hold than self-paced breathing, in addition to lower variability between trials.

This is due to the more significant post-breath-hold signal undershoot present in self-paced runs, a characteristic which confounds the definition of baseline and is difficult to accurately model. Interestingly, the specific respiratory rate imposed between breath-hold periods generally does not have a statistically significant impact on the BOLD signal change. This result can be explained by previous reports of humans adjusting their inhalation depth to compensate for changes in rate, with the end-goal of maintaining homeostatic ventilation.

The advantage of using end-expiration relative to end-inspiration breath-hold is apparent in view of the high repeatability of the BOLD signal in the present study, which does not suffer from the previously reported high variability associated with uncontrolled inspiration depth when using the end-inspiration technique. The aim of this study was to assess the validity and accuracy of a commercial linear encoder Musclelab, Ergotest, Norway to estimate Bench press 1 repetition maximum 1RM from the force – velocity relationship.

Twenty seven physical education students and teachers 5 women and 22 men with a heterogeneous history of strength training participated in this study. They performed a 1 RM test and a force – velocity test using a Bench press lifting task in a random order. Mean 1 RM was Additional studies are required to determine whether accuracy is affected by age, sex or initial level. Key pointsSome commercial devices allow to estimate 1 RM from the force- velocity relationship. These estimations are valid.

However, their accuracy is not high enough to be of practical help for training intensity prescription. Day-to-day reliability of force and velocity measured by the linear encoder has been shown to be very high, but the specific reliability of 1 RM estimated from the force- velocity relationship has to be determined before concluding to the usefulness of this approach in the monitoring of training induced adaptations.

Key points Some commercial devices allow to estimate 1 RM from the force- velocity relationship. Breath-hold device for laboratory rodents undergoing imaging procedures. The increased use in noninvasive imaging of laboratory rodents has prompted innovative techniques in animal handling. Lung imaging of rodents can be a difficult task because of tissue motion caused by breathing, which affects image quality. The use of a prototype flat-panel computed tomography unit allows the acquisition of images in as little as 2, 4, or 8 s.

This short acquisition time has allowed us to improve the image quality of this instrument by performing a breath-hold during image acquisition. We designed an inexpensive and safe method for performing a constant-pressure breath-hold in intubated rodents. Initially a prototypic manual 3-way valve system, consisting of a 3-way valve, an air pressure regulator, and a manometer, was used to manually toggle between the ventilator and the constant-pressure breath-hold equipment.

The success of the manual 3-way valve system prompted the design of an electronically actuated valve system. In the electronic system, the manual 3-way valve was replaced with a custom designed 3-way valve operated by an electrical solenoid. The electrical solenoid is triggered by using a hand-held push button or a foot pedal that is several feet away from the gantry of the scanner. This system has provided improved image quality and is safe for the animals, easy to use, and reliable.

Premotor neurons encode torsional eye velocity during smooth-pursuit eye movements. Responses to horizontal and vertical ocular pursuit and head and body rotation in multiple planes were recorded in eye movement-sensitive neurons in the rostral vestibular nuclei VN of two rhesus monkeys. When tested during pursuit through primary eye position, the majority of the cells preferred either horizontal or vertical target motion.

During pursuit of targets that moved horizontally at different vertical eccentricities or vertically at different horizontal eccentricities, eye angular velocity has been shown to include a torsional component the amplitude of which is proportional to half the gaze angle “half-angle rule” of Listing’s law. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant contribution of torsional eye movement sensitivity to the responsiveness of the cells. These findings suggest that many VN neurons encode three-dimensional angular velocity , rather than the two-dimensional derivative of eye position, during smooth-pursuit eye movements.

Although no clear clustering of pursuit preferred-direction vectors along the semicircular canal axes was observed, the sensitivity of VN neurons to torsional eye movements might reflect a preservation of similar premotor coding of visual and vestibular-driven slow eye movements for both lateral-eyed and foveate species. Purpose: To study the oxygen saturation SO2 and breath-holding time variation applied active breathing control ABC in radiotherapy of tumor.

And the patient monitor was used to observe the oxygen saturation SO2 variation. The variation of SO2, and length of breath-holding time and the time for recovering to the initial value of SO2 were recorded and analyzed.

And the breath-holding time shortened obviously for patients whose SO2 did not recover to normal. It is necessary to check the SO2 variation in breath training, and enough time should be given to recover SO2. We describe a clinical case study surrounding the behavioral assessment and operant treatment of, an adult with severe mental retardation who engaged in chronic breath-holding. In this clinical case, previous neurological and medical testing had ruled out biological bases for the individual’s breath-holding.

A functional behavioral assessment…. Agreement and repeatability of vascular reactivity estimates based on a breath-hold task and a resting state scan. By complementing a task-related BOLD acquisition with a vascular reactivity measure obtained through breath-holding or hypercapnia, this unwanted variance can be statistically reduced in the BOLD responses of interest.

Recently, it has been suggested that vascular reactivity can also be estimated using a resting state scan. This study aimed to compare three breath-hold based analysis approaches block design, sine—cosine regressor and CO2 regressor and a resting state approach CO2 regressor to measure vascular reactivity. We tested BOLD variance explained by the model and repeatability of the measures.

Fifteen healthy participants underwent a breath-hold task and a resting state scan with end-tidal CO2 being recorded during both. Maps and regional vascular reactivity estimates showed high repeatability when the breath-hold task was used. Repeatability and variance explained by the CO2 trace regressor were lower for the resting state data based approach, which resulted in highly variable measures of vascular reactivity.

We conclude that breath-hold based vascular reactivity estimations are more repeatable than resting-based estimates, and that there are limitations with replacing breath-hold scans by resting state scans for vascular reactivity assessment.

Both CO 2 inhalation followed by hyperventilation and breath-holding have been utilized to measure cerebral vasomotor reactivity VMR but their correlation has been poorly studied and understood. A retrospective study was conducted in subjects The mean BHI was 0.

Move dish and sample into the cell culture This study aimed to compare three breath-hold based analysis approaches block design, sine-cosine regressor and CO2 regressor and a resting state approach CO2 regressor to measure vascular reactivity. Published by Elsevier Inc. Boson sampling is a problem strongly believed to be intractable for classical computers, but can be naturally solved on a specialized photonic quantum simulator.

The protocol requires only one single-photon source, two detectors, and a loop-based interferometer for an arbitrary number of photons. The single-photon pulse train is time-bin encoded and deterministically injected into an electrically programmable multimode network. The observed three- and four-photon boson sampling rates are Volumetric velocity measurements in restricted geometries using spiral sampling : a phantom study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of maximum velocity measurements using volumetric phase-contrast imaging with spiral readouts in a stenotic flow phantom.

In a phantom model, maximum velocity , flow, pressure gradient, and streamline visualizations were evaluated using volumetric phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging MRI with velocity encoding in one extending on current clinical practice and three directions for characterization of the flow field using spiral readouts. Results of maximum velocity and pressure drop were compared to computational fluid dynamics CFD simulations, as well as corresponding low-echo-time TE Cartesian data.

Flow was compared to 2D through-plane phase contrast PC upstream from the restriction. Results obtained with 3D through-plane PC as well as 4D PC at shortest TE using a spiral readout showed excellent agreements with the maximum velocity values obtained with CFD velocity location, as well as the accurate velocity quantification can be obtained in stenotic regions using short-TE spiral volumetric PC imaging. Marijuana smoking: effects of varying puff volume and breathhold duration.

Two studies were conducted to quantify biological and behavioral effects resulting from exposure to controlled doses of marijuana smoke. Each study also varied levels of delta 9-tetrahydro-cannabinol marijuana cigarette content 1.

Subjects smoked 10 puffs in each of six sessions; a seventh, nonsmoking session all measures recorded at the same times as in active smoking sessions served as a control. Variations in puff volume produced significant dose-related changes in postsmoking plasma delta 9-tetrahydro-cannabinol levels, carbon monoxide boost and subjective effects e.

In contrast, breathholding for 10 or 20 sec versus 0 sec increased plasma delta 9-tetrahydro-cannabinol levels but not CO boost or subjective effects. Task performance measures were not reliably influenced by marijuana smoke exposure within the dosing ranges examined.

These findings confirm the utility of the controlled smoking technology, support the notion that cumulative puff volume systematically influences biological exposure and subjective effects, but cast doubt on the common belief that prolonged breathholding of marijuana smoke enhances classical subjective effects associated with its reinforcing value in humans.

Zhang, Ziheng; Dione, Donald P. A novel MR imaging technique, spatial modulation of magnetization with polarity alternating velocity encoding SPAMM-PAV , is presented to simultaneously examine the left ventricular early diastolic temporal relationships between myocardial deformation and intra-cavity hemodynamics with a high temporal resolution of 14 ms. This approach is initially evaluated in a dynamic flow and tissue mimicking phantom.

A comparison of regional longitudinal strains and intra-cavity pressure differences integration of computed in-plane pressure gradients within a selected region in relation to mitral valve inflow velocities is performed in eight normal volunteers. Our results demonstrate that apical regions have higher strain rates 0.

This pattern is reversed during the deceleration period, when the strain-rates in the basal regions are the highest 0.

A positive base-to-apex gradient in peak pressure difference is observed during acceleration, followed by a negative base-to apex gradient during deceleration. These studies shed insight into the regional volumetric and pressure difference changes in the left ventricle during early diastolic filling. Breast tumor hemodynamic response during a breath-hold as a biomarker to predict chemotherapeutic efficacy: preclinical study.

Therefore, it requires a perturbation of physiological signals, such as blood flow and oxygenation. In that sense, a few groups reported that monitoring a relative hemodynamic change during a breast tissue compression or a breath-hold to a patient can provide good contrast between tumor and nontumor. However, no longitudinal study reports the utilization of a breath-hold to predict tumor response during chemotherapy.

A continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to monitor hemodynamics in rat breast tumor during a hyperoxic to normoxic inhalational gas intervention to mimic a breath-hold during tumor growth and chemotherapy. The reduced oxyhemoglobin concentration during inhalational gas intervention correlated well with tumor growth, and it responded one day earlier than the change of tumor volume after chemotherapy.

In conclusion, monitoring tumor hemodynamics during a breath-hold may serve as a biomarker to predict chemotherapeutic efficacy of tumor. Left ventricle changes early after breath-holding in deep water in elite apnea divers. To study by ultrasounds cardiac morphology and function early after breath-hold diving in deep water in elite athletes.

Each subject performed a series of three consecutive breath-hold dives and 40 m depth. End-diastolic left ventricular LV diameter EDD and end-diastolic LV volume EDV increased significantly p breath-hold diving due to favorable changes in loading conditions relative to pre-diving, namely the recruitment of left ventricular preload reserve and the reduction in afterload.

Dark chocolate reduces endothelial dysfunction after successive breath-hold dives in cool water. The aim of this study is to observe the effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function after a series of successive apnea dives in non-thermoneutral water.

Twenty breath-hold divers were divided into two groups: a control group 8 males and 2 females and a chocolate group 9 males and 1 female. The chocolate group performed the dives 1 h after ingestion of 30 g of dark chocolate. A significant decrease in FMD was observed in the control group after the dives No differences in digital photoplethysmography and peroxynitrites were observed between before and after the dives.

Antioxidants contained in dark chocolate scavenge free radicals produced during breath-hold diving. Ingestion of 30 g of dark chocolate 1 h before the dive can thus prevent endothelial dysfunction which can be observed after a series of breath-hold dives. Validation of high temporal resolution spiral phase velocity mapping of temporal patterns of left and right coronary artery blood flow against Doppler guidewire. Temporal patterns of coronary blood flow velocity can provide important information on disease state and are currently assessed invasively using a Doppler guidewire.

A non-invasive alternative would be beneficial as it would allow study of a wider patient population and serial scanning. A retrospectively-gated breath-hold spiral phase velocity mapping sequence TR 19 ms was developed at 3 Tesla.

Velocity maps were acquired in 8 proximal right and 15 proximal left coronary arteries of 18 subjects who had previously had a Doppler guidewire study at the time of coronary angiography. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance CMR velocity -time curves were processed semi-automatically and compared with corresponding invasive Doppler data. High temporal resolution breath-hold spiral phase velocity mapping underestimates absolute values of coronary flow velocity but allows accurate assessment of the temporal patterns of blood flow.

MR imaging of the human heart without explicit cardiac synchronization promises to extend the applicability of cardiac MR to a larger patient population and potentially expand its diagnostic capabilities. However, conventional non-gated imaging techniques typically suffer from low image quality or inadequate spatio-temporal resolution and fidelity.

Patient-Adaptive Reconstruction and Acquisition in Dynamic Imaging with Sensitivity Encoding PARADISE is a highly-accelerated non-gated dynamic imaging method that enables artifact-free imaging with high spatio-temporal resolutions by utilizing novel computational techniques to optimize the imaging process.

In addition to using parallel imaging, the method gains acceleration from a physiologically-driven spatio-temporal support model; hence, it is doubly accelerated. The support model is patient-adaptive, i. The proposed method is also doubly adaptive as it adapts both the acquisition and reconstruction schemes.

Based on the theory of time-sequential sampling , the proposed framework explicitly accounts for speed limitations of gradient encoding and provides performance guarantees on achievable image quality. Determination of ethane, pentane and isoprene in exhaled air–effects of breath-holding , flow rate and purified air. Exhaled ethane, pentane and isoprene have been proposed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The objectives were to explore whether ethane, pentane and isoprene are produced within the airways and to explore the effect of different sampling parameters on analyte concentrations.

The flow dependency of the analyte concentrations, the concentrations in dead-space and alveolar air after breath-holding and the influence of inhaling purified air on analyte concentrations were investigated. The analytical method involved thermal desorption from sorbent tubes and gas chromatography. The studied group comprised 13 subjects with clinically stable asthma and 14 healthy controls. After breath-holding , no significant changes in ethane levels were observed.

Pentane and isoprene levels increased significantly after 20 s of breath-holding. Inhalation of purified air before exhalation resulted in a substantial decrease in ethane levels, a moderate decrease in pentane levels and an increase in isoprene levels. The major fractions of exhaled ethane, pentane and isoprene seem to be of systemic origin.

There was, however, a tendency for ethane to be flow rate dependent in asthmatic subjects, although to a very limited extent, suggesting that small amounts of ethane may be formed in the airways.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of piracetam on breath-holding spells. Breath-holding spells BHS are apparently frightening events occurring in otherwise healthy children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of piracetam in the treatment of breath-holding spells. Forty patients with BHS who were classified into two groups were involved in a double-blinded placebo-controlled prospective study. Piracetam was given to group A while group B received placebo.

Patients were followed monthly for a total period of 4 months. There was a significant decline of number of attacks after piracetam treatment compared to placebo p value breath-holding spells in children. Evaluation of correlation between physical properties and ultrasonic pulse velocity of fired clay samples. The aim of this study is to establish a correlation between physical properties and ultrasonic pulse velocity of clay samples fired at elevated temperatures.

Brick-making clay and pottery clay were studied for this purpose. A commercial ultrasonic testing instrument Proceq Pundit Lab was used to evaluate the ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements for each fired clay sample as a function of temperature. It was observed that there became a relationship between physical properties and ultrasonic pulse velocities of the samples.

The results showed that in consequence of increasing densification of the samples , the differences between the ultrasonic pulse velocities were higher with increasing temperature. These findings may facilitate the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity for the estimation of physical properties of fired clay samples. In a series of breath-hold acquisitions, three-dimensional data were acquired initially for prospective image registration of subsequent BOLD measurements.

Prospective image registration and BOLD imaging of each kidney was achieved within a total measurement time of about 17 s, enabling its execution within a single breath-hold. Magn Reson Med , Sensory neurons integrate information about the world, adapting their sampling to its changes. However, little is understood mechanistically how this primary encoding process, which ultimately limits perception, depends upon stimulus statistics.

Here, we analyze this open question systematically by using intracellular recordings from fly Drosophila melanogaster and Coenosia attenuata photoreceptors and corresponding stochastic simulations from biophysically realistic photoreceptor models. Simulations reveal how a photoreceptor’s information capture depends critically upon the stochastic refractoriness of its 30, sampling units microvilli. In daylight, refractoriness sacrifices sensitivity to enhance intensity changes in neural image representations, with more and faster microvilli improving encoding.

But for GWN and other stimuli, which lack longer dark contrasts of real-world intensity changes that reduce microvilli refractoriness, these performance gains are submaximal and energetically costly. Decompression sickness in breath-hold divers: a review.

Although it has been generally assumed that the risk of decompression sickness is virtually zero during a single breath-hold dive in humans, repeated dives may result in a cumulative increase in the tissue and blood nitrogen tension.

Many species of marine mammals perform extensive foraging bouts with deep and long dives interspersed by a short surface interval, and some human divers regularly perform repeated dives to m or a single dive to more than m, all of which may result in nitrogen concentrations that elicit symptoms of decompression sickness.

Neurological problems have been reported in humans after single or repeated dives and recent necropsy reports in stranded marine mammals were suggestive of decompression sickness-like symptoms. Modelling attempts have suggested that marine mammals may live permanently with elevated nitrogen concentrations and may be at risk when altering their dive behaviour. In humans, non-pathogenic bubbles have been recorded and symptoms of decompression sickness have been reported after repeated dives to modest depths.

The mechanisms implicated in these accidents indicate that repeated breath-hold dives with short surface intervals are factors that predispose to decompression sickness. Optimising diffusion-weighted MR imaging for demonstrating pancreatic cancer: a comparison of respiratory-triggered, free-breathing and breath-hold techniques.

Two radiologists, independently and blindly, assigned total image quality scores [sum of rating diffusion images lesion detection, anatomy, presence of artefacts and ADC maps lesion characterisation, overall image quality ] per technique and ranked them. Total image quality scores for respiratory-triggered, free-breathing and breath-hold techniques were The respiratory-triggered technique had a significantly higher ranking.

Lesion SI on all b-values and signal-to-noise ratio on b and b were significantly higher for the respiratory-triggered technique. For respiratory-triggered, free-breathing and breath-hold techniques the mean ADCs were 1. Anonymized images were randomized for blinded review by two independent readers for image quality, artifact severity in 8 defined vessel segments and aortic dimensions in 6 standard sites. Comparison and reproducibility of ADC measurements in breathhold , respiratory triggered, and free-breathing diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the liver.

To compare and determine the reproducibility of apparent diffusion coefficient ADC measurements of the normal liver parenchyma in breathhold , respiratory triggered, and free-breathing diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging DWI. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent three series of DWI. ADCs of the liver parenchyma were compared by using nonparametric tests. Reproducibility was assessed by the Bland-Altman method.

ADC measurements of the normal liver parenchyma in respiratory triggered DWI are significantly higher and less reproducible than in breathhold and free-breathing DWI.

Copyright c Wiley-Liss, Inc. Qualitative assessment of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using breath-hold and non-breath-hold techniques in the portal venous system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the image quality in delineation of the portal venous systems with two different methods, breath-hold and non-breath-hold by using the 3D FLASH sequence.

We used a 1. Our study showed contrast-enhanced 3D FLASH MR angiography, together with the breath-hold technique, may provide reliable and accurate information on the portal venous system. Time-instant sampling based encoding of time-varying acoustic spectrum. The inner ear has been shown to characterize an acoustic stimuli by transducing fluid motion in the inner ear to mechanical bending of stereocilia on the inner hair cells IHCs.

Subsequently, the afferent auditory nerve fiber ANF bundle samples the encoded waveform in the IHCs by synapsing with them. In this work we focus on sampling of information by afferent ANFs from the IHCs, and show computationally that sampling at specific time instants is sufficient for decoding of time-varying acoustic spectrum embedded in the acoustic stimuli.

The approach is based on sampling the signal at its zero-crossings and higher-order derivative zero-crossings. We show results of the approach on time-varying acoustic spectrum estimation from cricket call signal recording. The framework gives a time-domain and non-spatial processing perspective to auditory signal processing. The approach works on the full band signal, and is devoid of modeling any bandpass filtering mimicking the BM action. Instead, we motivate the approach from the perspective of event-triggered sampling by afferent ANFs on the stimuli encoded in the IHCs.

Though the approach gives acoustic spectrum estimation but it is shallow on its complete understanding for plausible bio-mechanical replication with current mammalian auditory mechanics insights. Reflex anoxic seizures ‘white breath-holding ‘ : nonepileptic vagal attacks. From clinical history 58 children were diagnosed as having reflex anoxic seizures secondary to provoked cardioinhibition also known as white breath-holding attacks.

Before referral, these seizures were commonly misdiagnosed as epileptic either because the provocation was ignored, not recognised, or was a febrile illness, or because there was no crying, no obvious breath-holding , little cyanosis, and often no pallor to suggest syncope and cerebral ischaemia. The duration of cardiac asystole after ocular compression was measured in these children and in 60 additional children with other paroxysmal disorders.

Review of the literature supports the concept that these seizures result from vagal-mediated reflex cardiac arrest which can if necessary be prevented by atropine.

The simple name ‘vagal attack’ is proposed. Images Figs. This work was aimed at estimating the concentrations of proteins encoded by human chromosome 18 Chr 18 in plasma samples of 54 healthy male volunteers aged These young persons have been certified by the medical evaluation board as healthy subjects ready for space flight training.

Over stable isotope-labeled peptide standards SIS were synthesized to perform the measurements of proteins encoded by Chr These proteins were quantified in whole and depleted plasma samples.

A minor part of the proteins mostly representing intracellular proteins was characterized by extremely high inter individual variations. The results provide a background for studies of a potential biomarker in plasma among proteins encoded by Chr Breath-holding spells may be associated with maturational delay in myelination of brain stem.

To evaluate possible contribution of maturational delay of brain stem in the etiology of breath-holding spells in children using brain stem auditory evoked potentials.

The study group included children who experienced breath-holding spells. The control group consisted of healthy age- and sex-matched children. Age, gender, type and frequency of spell, hemoglobin, and ferritin levels in study group and brain stem auditory evoked potentials results in both groups were recorded. Study group was statistically compared with control group for brain stem auditory evoked potentials. The mean age of study and control groups was The III-V and I-V interpeak latencies were significantly prolonged in the study group compared with the control group 2.

At the same time, III-V and I-V interpeak latencies of patients without anemia in the study group compared with those of control group were significantly prolonged 2. Our results consider that maturational delay in myelination of brain stem may have a role in the etiology of breath-holding spells in children.

Hall effect encoding of brushless dc motors. Encoding mechanism integral to the motor and using the permanent magnets embedded in the rotor eliminates the need for external devices to encode information relating the position and velocity of the rotating member. Preliminary observations on the effect of hypoxic and hyperbaric stress on pulmonary gas exchange in breath-hold divers. Pulmonary diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide DLCO and nitric oxide DLNO , haemoglobin Hb and haematocrit Hct were measured in six elite divers before and at 2, 10 and 25 minutes after a maximal breath-hold dive to a depth of 10 metres’ sea water.

Compared to pre-dive, DLCO showed a slight increase at 2 minutes in five subjects and a tendency to decrease at 25 minutes P breath-hold dive. Recent advances in echocardiography allow real-time 3-D dynamic image acquisition of the heart. However, one of the major limitations of 3-D echocardiography is the limited field of view, which results in an acquisition insufficient to cover the whole geometry of the heart.

This study proposes the novel approach of fusing multiple 3-D echocardiography images using an optical tracking system that incorporates breath-hold position tracking to infer that the heart remains at the same position during different acquisitions. The proposed method yielded a field of view improvement of To improve the quality of the fused image, a wavelet-based fusion algorithm was developed that computes pixelwise likelihood values for overlapping voxels from multiple image views.

The proposed wavelet-based fusion approach yielded significant improvement in contrast The new data confirm the cylindrical rotation observed at -6 Degree-Sign and -8 Degree-Sign and are an excellent fit to themore » Shen et al.

N-body bar model. Our survey finds no strong evidence of previously unknown kinematic streams. We also publish our complete catalog of radial velocities , photometry, TiO band strengths, and spectra, which is available at the Infrared Science Archive as well as at UCLA. The effect of deep inspiration breath-hold on tumour oxygenation. To investigate the influence of deep inspiration breath-hold on the oxygen tension of in-vivo tumours measured using an Eppendorf pO2 histograph.

Change in oxygen tension was assessed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. Thirty patients were entered in to this protocol. The median maximum tumour dimension was 4 cm.

The median of the median pO2 of these tumours was 18 mmHg. Oxygen tension measurements along pairs of tracks per tumour median of 2 were obtained. In six tumours, the values during NB were significantly higher than during DIBH, whereas, for six other tumours, the relationship was the opposite; for the remaining 18 patients, no significant difference was observed.

These data show heterogeneity of tumour oxygenation seen with in-situ tumours both at baseline and as a result of DIBH.

Sherrah, Andrew G. Background Chronic descending thoracic aortic dissection CDTAD following surgical repair of ascending aortic dissection requires long-term imaging surveillance. We investigated four-dimensional 4D -flow magnetic resonance imaging MRI with a novel multi- velocity encoding multi-VENC technique as an emerging clinical method enabling the dynamic quantification of blood volume and velocity throughout the cardiac cycle. Measuring vascular reactivity with resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent BOLD signal fluctuations: A potential alternative to the breath-holding challenge?

Measurement of the ability of blood vessels to dilate and constrict, known as vascular reactivity, is often performed with breath-holding tasks that transiently raise arterial blood carbon dioxide P a CO 2 levels.

However, following the proper commands for a breath-holding experiment may be difficult or impossible for many patients. In this study, we evaluated two approaches for obtaining vascular reactivity information using blood oxygenation level-dependent signal fluctuations obtained from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data: physiological fluctuation regression and coefficient of variation of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. This technique may eliminate the need for subject cooperation, thus allowing the evaluation of vascular reactivity in a wider range of clinical and research conditions in which it may otherwise be impractical.

An improved target velocity sampling algorithm for free gas elastic scattering. We present an improved algorithm for sampling the target velocity when simulating elastic scattering in a Monte Carlo neutron transport code that correctly accounts for the energy dependence of the scattering cross section. The algorithm samples the relative velocity directly, thereby avoiding a potentially inefficient rejection step based on the ratio of cross sections.

Here, we have shown that this algorithm requires only one rejection step, whereas other methods of similar accuracy require two rejection steps. The method was verified against stochastic and deterministic reference results for upscattering percentages in U. Whole-heart magnetic resonance coronary angiography with multiple breath-holds and automatic breathing-level tracking.

Whole-heart WH magnetic resonance coronary angiography MRCA studies are usually performed during free breathing while monitoring the position of the diaphragm with real-time motion correction. However, this results in a long scan time and the patient’s breathing pattern may change, causing the study to be aborted.

However, one problem in the mBH method is that patients cannot hold their breath at the same position every time, leading to image degradation. We have developed a new WH MRCA imaging method that employs both the mBH method and automatic breathing-level tracking to permit automatic tracking of the changes in breathing or breath-hold levels. Evaluation of its effects on WH MRCA image quality showed that this method can provide high-quality images within a shorter scan time. Reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold irradiation with forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer significantly reduces cardiac radiation exposure compared to inverse intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

To investigate the objective utility of our clinical routine of reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold irradiation for left-sided breast cancer patients on reducing cardiac exposure. Free-breathing and reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold scans were evaluated for our 10 consecutive left-sided breast cancer patients treated with reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold.

Both inverse and forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans were generated for each computed tomography dataset. Reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold plans with forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly spared the heart and left anterior descending artery compared to generated free-breathing plans based on mean doses – free-breathing vs reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold , left ventricle Reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold and free-breathing plans with inverse intensity-modulated radiotherapy provided similar organ at risk sparing by reducing the mean doses to the left ventricle, left anterior descending artery, heart, VV20 of the heart and right ventricle.

However, forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy showed significant reduction in doses to the left ventricle, left anterior descending artery, heart, right ventricle, and contralateral breast mean dose, The mean doses for free-breathing vs reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold of the proximal left anterior descending artery were 1.

A method is presented that combines steady-state free precession SSFP cine imaging with myocardial tagging. Imaging is continued immediately after tagging preparation, using linearly increasing startup angles LISA with a rampup over 10 pulses.

Interleaved segmented k-space ordering is used to prevent artifacts from the increasing signal during the LISA rampup. The measurements were performed in phantoms and in six subjects applying breathhold cine imaging with tagging temporal resolution 51 ms.

The results show that ghost artifacts are negligible for the LISA method. Copyright Wiley-Liss, Inc. The effect of CO2 on ventilation and breath-holding during exercise and while breathing through an added resistance.

Ventilation was measured while subjects were made to rebreathe from a bag containing CO 2 and O 2 in order to expose them to a steadily rising CO 2 tension P CO2. The object of the experiments was to determine the effect of a variety of stimuli upon the increase in ventilation and fall in breath-holding time which occurs in response to the rising P CO2. Steady-state exercise at kg. These results have been interpreted with the aid of a model of the control of breath-holding and it is suggested that there is no change in CO 2 sensitivity on exercise, either during rebreathing or breath-holding.

An increase in the resistance to breathing caused a marked reduction in S V and B V , but no change in the breath-holding-CO 2 response curve. These findings suggest that the flattening of the ventilation-CO 2 response curve is mechanical in origin and acute airway obstruction produces no change in CO 2 sensitivity. On the basis of these results, we suggest that more information about CO 2 sensitivity can be obtained by a combination of ventilation and breath-holding-CO 2 response curves.

Evolution of microstructure and elastic wave velocities in dehydrated gypsum samples. We report on changes in P and S-wave velocities and rock microstructure induced by devolatilization reactions using gypsum as a reference analog material. Cylindrical samples of natural alabaster were dehydrated in air, at ambient pressure, and temperatures between and K.

Concurrently, P and S-wave velocities linearly decreased with porosity from 5. It is concluded that a linearized empirical Raymer-type model extended by a critical porosity term and based on the respective time dependent mineral and pore volumes reasonably replicates the P and S-wave data in relation to reaction progress and porosity.

This study determined 1 how many vessels i. Functional slitlamp biomicroscope was used to image hundreds of venules per subject. The bulbar conjunctiva in five healthy human subjects was imaged on six different locations in the temporal bulbar conjunctiva. The histograms of the diameter and velocity were plotted to examine whether the distribution was normal. Standard errors were calculated from the standard deviation and vessel sample size. The ratio of the standard error of the mean over the population mean was used to determine the sample size cutoff.

The velocity was plotted as a function of the vessel diameter to display the distribution of the diameter and velocity. The distributions of the diameter and velocity were not only unimodal, but also somewhat positively skewed and not normal. Abstract Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium.

Myrmecridium iridis Myrmecridiales ord. The Netherlands. Tephrocybella Basidiomycetes represents a novel genus from wood Italy. Conrad Schoch. Eric McKenzie. Bernard Slippers. Z Wilhelm de Beer. Ruvishika S Jayawardena. Erio Camporesi , Anupama Daranagama. Erio Camporesi. Erio Camporesi , Chada Norphanphoun. Chada Norphanphoun. Sana Jabeen. Ali Bahkali. Thilini Kandawatte. Rajesh Jeewon. Christian Scheuer. Joydeep Karmakar. Azin Moslemi. Soac Chuang , Hiran Ariyawansa.

Napalai Chaiwan. Microsphaeropsis ononidicola sp. Microsphaeropsidaceae, Pleosporales from Ononis spinosa L. Kasun Thambugala. Subashini C. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Freshwater Sordariomycetes. Abstract Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. Related Papers. Persoonia Unravelling Mycosphaerella: do you believe in genera.

Fungal Diversity Notes 1— Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Anamorphic fungi from freshwater habitats in China: Dictyosporium tetrasporum and Exserticlava yunnanensis spp. Fungal Diversity Towards a natural classification of Botryosphaeriales. Fungal Planet description sheets: — Fungal Diversity Pleosporales. Acrodictys fluminicola, Aquafiliformis lignicola, Aquapteridospora fusiformis, Arthrinium aquaticum, Ascosacculus fusiformis, Atractospora aquatica, Barbatosphaeria lignicola, Ceratosphaeria aquatica, C.

Acrodictys aquatica, Cylindrotrichum aquaticum, and 9 new records, viz. Chaetomium globosum, Chae- tosphaeria cubensis, Ch. A comprehensive classification of the freshwater Sordari- omycetes is presented based on updated literature. Detailed information including their habitats distribution, diversity, holotype, specimens collected and classification are provided.

The definition of Shearer has been tains supplementary material, which is available to autho- regarded as the best current working definition for the rized users.

Su et al. They et al. One new order, two new families, three new nutrients Hyde et al. The lignicolous freshwater genera, 47 new species, two new combinations and 9 new fungi are highly diverse in the classes Dothideomycetes records are introduced. A modified backbone tree based on and Sordariomycetes Hyde et al. TEF1a sequence data of the freshwater Sordariomycetes is a. There are a few freshwater taxa that belong to provided. Phylogenetic trees under genus or family level Eurotiomycetes Liu et al.

Sordariomycetes is the second largest class of Materials and methods Ascomycota Kirk et al. Species of Sor- Sample collection and specimen examination dariomycetes are mainly characterized by non-lichenized, perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate or non- Submerged decaying wood samples were collected from fissitunicate asci Zhang et al.

The accommodates mostly terrestrial taxa Tang et al. Maharachchikumbura et al. Single spore isolates were obtained following the , but there are several sordariomycetous species that method of Chomnunti et al.

Herbarium materials are deposited in ; Cai and Hyde ; Raja et al. Yang et al. DLU , Yunnan, China. Facesof- halosphaeriaceous species are the most typical and com- fungi and Index Fungorum numbers are provided Jayasiri mon freshwater Sordariomycetes on submerged wood et al.

New taxa are estab- Hyde et al. Taxa deposited in HKU M mostly lack sequence et al. These overall Kingdom of Fungi, as well as Sordariomycetes, need to be recollected so that reference specimens sensu have been significantly improved with the utilization of Ariyawansa et al.

Of DNA sequencing were performed with the primers men- these included strains, were isolated from freshwater tioned above at Tsingke Biological Engineering Technol- habitats and distributed in 47 clades as follows: ogy and Services Co. Clade 1 represents the family Junewangiaceae with ten species which belong to three genera, viz.

Dictyosporella, Phylogenetic analysis Junewangia and Sporidesmiella. In this study, we provide sequence data for Sporidesmiella novae-zelandiae and S. Sequences generated from different primers were analyzed hyalosperma for the first time, and introduce a new species with other sequences obtained from GenBank. The S. Aquaticola material 1. Pre- BioEdit v. All taxa of the aligned fasta file for RAxML analysis. Two fresh- Science Gateway v.

We Stamatakis All free model parameters were esti- therefore introduce a new species Atractospora aquatica mated by RAxML with ML estimates of 25 per site rate sp. I model. The best scoring tree was strains of Cancellidium applanatum. These two strains selected with a final likelihood value of – Phylogenetic tree was visualized using FigTree v1.

Clade 5 represents the family Conlariaceae including three freshwater species of Conlarium, and one Riomyces species collected from freshwater. Most of the species in The combined aligned sequence matrix comprises LSU Sporidesmiaceae are reported from freshwater habitats.

In this study, we characters Including the gaps , of which characters introduce two new species, Sporidesmium lageniforme and were constant, variable characters were parsimony- Sporidesmium lignicola, based on both morphological uninformative and characters were parsimony infor- characters and phylogenetic evidence, while S.

In the phylogenetic tree Fig. The family Annu- the species of Sordariomycetes. Newly latascaceae is accepted in this order. Some species of generated sequences are in red. Ex-type strains are in bold Clade 18 represents the order Myrmecridiales estab- lished by Crous et al. We introduce a new species Myrme- genera. We introduce a new Rhodoveronaea species which cridium aquaticum.

Presently, three species M. Clade 19 represents the family Ophioceraceae, with A previously described species, Barbatosphaeria aquatica eight species which were reported from freshwater habitats. We introduce a new species, Clade 20 represents the new family Ceratosphaeriaceae Acrodictys fluminicola.

The order Magnaporthales was intro- Clade 10 represents the monotypic genus Pseudostan- duced by Thongkantha et al. Magnaporthaceae based on morphological characters of aquitropica as the type species and it was collected from both asexual and sexual morphs together with phylogenetic freshwater habitats.

We introduce the second species, P. There lignicola sp. Mag- Clade 11 represents the family Papulosaceae established naporthaceae, Ophioceraceae, Pseudohalonectriaceae, by Winka and Eriksson Papulosaceae is typified by Pyriculariaceae.

We introduce the new family Cer- the monotypic marine genus Papulosa Winka and Eriks- atosphaeriaceae to accommodate Ceratosphaeria species. Clade 21 represents the family Pseudohalonectriaceae Clade 12 represents the species Sporidesmium tropicale established by Hongsanan et al.

The strain Pseudohalonectria. Five strains collected from freshwater MFLUCC 16— was obtained from the specimen col- habitats are included in our phylogentic tree.

Clade 22 represents the family Magnaporthaceae intro- Clade 13 represents the typical freshwater genus Bul- duced by Cannon We introduce a new monotypic limyces introduced by Ferrer et al. Clade 14 represents the family Barbatosphaeriaceae Clade 23 represents the family Tirisporellaceae with a which was introduced by Zhang et al. Clade 15 represents the new order Distoseptisporales Clade 24 represents the family Jobellisiaceae with a introduced herein.

We introduce 11 nulus. Zhang et al. Chaetosphaeria aquatica, Woswasiaceae to accommodate Woswasia, Xylochrysis C. In our phylogenetic analysis, lignicola, D. We intro- five strains.

Phyllachoraceae sp. WF33A was collected duce two new species herein, Cordana aquatica and C. We also Clade 28 represents the single isolate of Clohiesia. Chaetomiaceae, Sordariaceae and Clade 32 represents the family Sporocadaceae and we Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato. Six freshwater species are introduce a new species, Seiridium aquaticum. We introduce a new species, lished by Hyde et al. A new species, Arthrinium Lepteutypa aquatica.

The genus Peroneutypa has been accomodated in paceae, although this relationship is not supported. Diatrypaceae Shang et al. In our multi-gene phy- Clade 36 represents the species Sporidesmium gyri- logenetic analysis, the new species forms a distinct nomorphum MFLUCC 16— introduced by Yang et al. In this Hypoxylon strains. We introduce a new species Hypoxylon study, we introduce a new Ascosacculus species, A.

Wendt formis, based on morphology and phylogeny. Lombard et al. We family based on molecular sequence data. We introduce a introduced a new species herein, Cylindrotrichum sub- new species Cosmospora aquatica, based on morphology mersum sp. DNA sequence data for Aquanectria Hyde et al. We introduce a new species, Clade 39 represents the family Stachybotriaceae estab- Phaeoisaria filiformis.

We introduce a new genus Dema- Stachybotrys. In this study, morphological characterization tiosporium in this family. Clade 45 represents the order Conioscyphales estab- chlorohalonata are provided.

We introduce two new species, Co- Taxonomy nioscypha aquatica and C. Clade 46 represents the monotypic order Fuscosporel- Based on the outline and multigene phylogeny of fresh- lales established by Yang et al. Most of the species in this order are Sordariomycetes are scattered in six sub-classes, viz. Dia- reported from freshwater habitats. The to accommodate two ascomycete species, A. Descriptions, illustrations and sequence data for wood in Australia.

There are 19 epithets of Annulatascus the fungi collected from freshwater habitats in China and listed in Index Fungorum December, , however Thailand from to are also provided. Hyde et al. Subsequently, Campbell and follows: Shearer established a new genus Annulusmagnus for Diaporthomycetidae Senan. Luo et al. Pseudoannulatascus biatriisporus. Hyde, Aust. Sexual morph Updated nulatascus biatriisporus under Torrentispora biatriispora, generic description and illustrations see based on phylogenetic analysis.

Currently, 16 species are Maharachchikumbura et al. Hyde, from freshwater habitats in tropical areas Barbosa et al. Annulatascus apiculatus F. Annulatascus lacteus Tsui et al. Sequence data is not available. Erythrophleum teysmannii Boonyuen et al.

Asexual morph: Undetermined Annulatascus liputii L. Liput River Cai et al. Annulatascus fusiformis K. Sequence data is not wood Vijaykrishna and Hyde ; China, Yunnan available. Sequence data is not Asexual morph: Undetermined available.

LSU available. Annulatascus palmietensis Goh et al. Annulatascus joannae Tsui et al. Durban, Palmiet River, on submerged wood Hyde et al. Asexual morph: Undetermined b. Campbell and Shearer Hyde sequence data are available. Annulatascus velatisporus K. Hyde Type species: Aqualignicola hyalina Ranghoo et al. Natigbasan Creek, on submerged wood Wong et al. Mai Province, on submerged wood Hu et al. Aqualignicola vaginata Hu et al. Annulusmagnus J. Asexual morph Undetermined. Sexual morph Description Asexual morph: Undetermined and illustrations see Campbell and Shearer Sequence data is not Type species: Annulusmagnus triseptatus Wong et al.

Aqualignicola vaginata was introduced by Hu J. Annulusmagnus triseptatus was first collected from submerged wood in Brunei Wong et al. Sexual morph Description a and subsequently reported from Australia, Canada and illustrations see Campbell and Shearer Annulusmagnus triseptatus Wong et al. Ascitendus was proposed for Ascolacicola austriaca a.

Sequence data is not species of Ascitendus are accepted and both were collected available. River, on decaying wood submerged in a River Hyde et al. Type species: Cataractispora aquatica Hyde et al. Ho et al. LSU sequence data is Louise, on submerged wood Hyde et al.

Hyde, Cryptog. Sexual morph Description Cataractispora aquatica Hyde et al. Distribution: Australia, north Queensland, Cow Bay, a. Ayria with A. Sequence data is not and sea water, in Brunei. Raja et al. Cataractispora bipolaris K. Hyde Hyde et al. Hyde : Annulatascus bipolaris K. The type specimen was on submerged decaying wood Raja et al. Sequence data is not description, illustration and information for specimens.

Cataractispora receptaculorum Ho et al. Type species: Submersisphaeria aquatica K. Presently, five species were accepted in this genus Park, Black River Hyde et al. Sequence data is not described from Queensland, Australia Hyde , and available. Campbell et al. Fournier et al. Asexual morph Taeniolella-like.

Sexual morph Descrip- Submersisphaeria aquatica K. Hyde tion and illustrations see Zelski et al. There is only one submerged wood Campbell et al. Asexual morph: Taeniolella-like, see Zelski et al. Sequence data is not Asexual morph Undetermined. Sexual morph Description available.

Longicollum Zelski et al. Sexual morph: Descrip- Mycologia 92 5 : tion and illustrations see Zelski et al. Notes: The genus Vertexicola is characterized by asci Type species: Longicollum biappendiculatum Zelski with a refractive apical ring and a tail-like pedicel and et al.

Barbosa Longicollum biappendiculatum Zelski et al. Sequence data is not debris; Peru, Camanti, stream at Quincemil Trail 1, on available. Reservoir, submerged wood Ranghoo et al. Submersisphaeria K. Hyde, Nova Hedwigia 62 1—2 : Atractosporales Zhang et al. Notes: Holotype PRM Luo, K. Su, sp. RPB2 sequence data are available. Atractospora ellipsoidea Ho et al. Fryar et al. Sexual morph Shearer Ascomata — lm high, — lm diam.

LSU globose to subglobose, unilocular. Ostiole periphysate. Atractospora thailandensis Dong et al. Fourn 18—, holotype. Sexual morph Description and smaller ascospores 15—19 vs. Atractospora aquatica also resembles A. However, Atractospora abscondita, collected from freshwater in France. This is a aquatica differs from A.

Yverneaux, on submerged twigs of Abies alba in a peat bog Sequence data is unavailable. Diaporthales Nannf. Asexual morph: Undetermined Diaporthaceae Hohn. Barr, Mycotaxon 60 globose. Conidiophores cylindrical, sometimes filiform, Asexual morph Undetermined. Sexual morph Ascomata aseptate or septate, cylindrical, sometimes branched. Coni- subglobose to obpyriform to lageniform, brown or exter- dia dimorphic, hyaline, smooth, with usually fusiform and nally with yellowish pigments, glabrous or slightly rugose, biguttulate alpha conidia and usually filiform, hamate, non- with short to long papilla or with long upright neck.

Sexual morph Ascomata globose to Peridium comprising two or three layers. Paraphyses subglobose, coriaceous, immersed to semi-immersed, sin- numerous, septate, hyaline. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, gle to clustered, brown to black. Neck cylindrical, black. Paraphyses cylindrical, longer than asci, septate. Asci remnants attached to the ascogenous hyphae after dehis- 8-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, apedicellate, broad cence. Ascospores ellipsoidal to reniform to navicular, cylindrical to obclavate, with a minute apical ring.

As- aseptate or transversely 1-septate with one or two polar cospores overlapping biseriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, germ pores, brown. Type species: Diaporthe eres Nitschke, Pyrenomyc. Barr, Mycotaxon 61 Germ. Three species have been names in the genus Diaporthe, but this was reduced to found in freshwater habitats.

Hu et al. Cai duced a new Diaporthe species D. Diaporthe aquatica Hu et al. Gnomoniaceae G. LSU sequence data is Asexual morph Undetermined. Sexual morph Descrip- available. Jobellisia luteola was originally collected from tions and illustrations refer to Senanayake et al. Sogonov et al. Hyde rum. Monod in host associations. Distribution: Malaysia, on submerged wood Ho et al.

Ambarignomonia petiolorum Schwein. Sogonov Asexual morph: Undetermined Ges. Leipzig 1: Gnomoniella : Gnomonia petiolorum Schwein. Cooke, Gre- microspora was originally collected from terrestrial habi- villea 7: 54 tats Monod Same as Gno- specimens collected from freshwater habitats: ILLS , moniella microspora, the original collection of G. However, we sequence data are available. Fallah and Shearer consider this species as freshwater fungus as Ho et al.

Colonies on PDA effuse, Ambarignomonia petiolorum. Conidio- Gnomonia Ces. Asexual morph see Sivanesan and Shaw Sexual Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, determinate, with morph Description see Maharachchikumbura et al. Conidia straight or curved, oblong, hya- Type species: Gnomonia vulgaris Ces. Sexual morph Ascomata immersed, subglo- Comm.

Peridium composed of 2 layers, with and De Notaris and typified by Gnomonia gnomon. Paraphyses hyaline, broad, septate. Asci unituni- Shaw ; Fallah and Shearer ; Senanayake et al. J-, subapical ring. Ascospores cylindrical, straight or Gnomonia papuana Sivan. Shaw curved, versicolorous, transseptate, brown with hyaline or Distribution: Papua New Guinea, on submerged leaves pale brown end cells.

Sivanesan and Shaw Sequence data is not Phruensis with a single species P. No more species reported for Gnomoniella Sacc. Sexual morph Ascomata Phruensis brunneispora Pinruan globose to subglobose, immersed.

Asci cylindrical, subsessiles. Ascospores fusiform, horn peat swamp forest, on submerged palm in freshwater ellipse, hyaline, septate. Type species: Gnomoniella tubaeformis Tode Sacc. Abellini 1: b Notes: Kirk et al. SSU genus Gnomoniella. Two species have been found in sequence data is available.

Culture on PDA from above i and reverse j. Culture on PDA from surface l and reverse m. Culture on PDA from above n and reverse o. Culture on MEA from above l and reverse m. Scale bars: c—k 30 lm Distoseptisporales Z. Luo, H. Hyde, ord. Conidio- Notes: Distoseptisporaceae was established by Su et al. Conidiogenous phology and phylogeny. Culture on PDA from above o and reverse p. Scale Distoseptisporales. Phylogenetic results show that Asexual morph Description and illustration see Su et al.

Distoseptispora appendiculata is distinct from other spe- and Yang et al. Sexual morph cies of Distoseptispora Fig. Distoseptispora aquatica Luo et al. Type species: Distoseptispora aquatica Luo et al.

Notes: Su et al. Currently, there are 13 species in Dis- Distoseptispora cangshanensis Luo et al. Mountain, on submerged wood Luo et al. Sexual morph: Undetermined Distoseptispora appendiculata D. Bao, Z. Asexual morph Colonies effuse, olivaceous or Distoseptispora guttulata J. Hyde mid-brown, hairy, velvety. Mycelium mostly immersed, Facesoffungi number: FoF , Fig. Conidiophores 62—86 lm long, 4. Mycelium partly superficial, partly matous, solitary, erect, straight or flexuous, olivaceous or immersed, consisting of branched, septate, smooth, sub- brown, 5—6-septate, smooth.

Conidiogenous cells hyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores 28—84 lm monoblastic, holoblastic, terminal, dark brown. Conidiogenous below, hyaline towards apex, truncate at base, slender and cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, mid to rounded at apex, smooth, with a conspicuous, gelatinous, dark brown, cylindrical, sometimes proliferating percur- hyaline sheath around tip. Sexual morph Undetermined.

Conidia 70— — lm long, 8. Notes: Distoseptispora appendiculata resembles D. However, Distoseptispora appendicu- lata is easily distinguished from D. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of – RAxML bootstrap support values equal to or greater 5—9-euseptate conidia, while D.

Bayesian euseptate conidia. Phylogenetically, Distoseptispora gut- posterior probability equal to or higher than 0. Ex-type or ex-epitype strains are in species Fig. Hyde Facesoffungi number: FoF , Fig. Asexual morph Colonies effuse, dark olive- et al. Conidiophores 29—47 lm long, 4—6 lm Distoseptispora guttulata was introduced by matous, solitary, brown, 2—3-septate, straight or slightly Yang et al. Morphologically, our iso- apex, olive-green to dark brown.

Conidiogenous cells late fits well with the characters of D. Phylogenetic analysis also shows that our isolate determinate, cylindrical. Conidia — lm long, 12— clusters with ex-type of D. Conidial seces- K. Hyde, sp. Asexual morph Colonies effuse, scattered, hairy, Hua Hin, on submerged wood in a stream Hyde et al. Mycelium mostly immersed, com- b.

Distoseptispora multiseptata was introduced by uous, 6—septate, unbranched, cylindrical, brown, Yang et al. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated, ter- freshwater stream in Thailand. Morphologically, our iso- minal, determinate, brown, cylindrical.

Conidia 60— late fits well with the characters of D. Phylogenetic analysis also shows that our acrogenous, solitary or catenate, obclavate, truncate at isolate clusters with ex-type of D. Asexual morph Colonies effuse, dark olivaceous, cylindrical, septate conidiophores, solitary or in groups on hairy. Scale bars: b, c lm, Notes: Distoseptispora obclavata resembles D. However, Distoseptispora brown hyphae. Conidiophores 93— lm long, 5. Phylogenetic results show that Distosep- flexuous, tapering distally, truncate at the apex.

Conidio- tispora appendiculata is distinct from other species of genous cells monoblastic, integrated, terminal, brown, Distoseptispora Fig. Conidia — lm long, 13—15 lm wide Distoseptispora obpyriformis Z. Notes: Distoseptispora neorostrata shares similar mor- Sexual morph: Undetermined phological characters with D. However, the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses Distoseptispora rostrata Luo et al. Su, on submerged wood Luo et al.

Asexual morph Colonies effuse, olivaceous or on submerged wood Luo et al. Conidiophores Conidiogenous cells River Yang et al. Sexual Distoseptisporales genera incertae sedis morph Undetermined. Aquapteridospora Yang et al. Yang, K. Both of these species also Notes: Yang et al.

Aquapteridospora with single asexual species, A lignicola, However, A. In this study, we introduce the second species without a sheath, while the conidia of A. Aquapteridospora was placed as guttules in the middle cells and a conspicuous sheath. Diaporthomycetidae genera incertae sedis by Yang et al. Phylogenetic analysis also shows that A. In our phylogenetic analysis, Aquapteridospora lignicola are distinct from other species, but they cluster species form a distinct clade within Distoseptisporales and together with strong support Fig.

To further basal to Distoseptisporaceae, and we therefore treat this support A. Aquapteridospora lignicola Yang et al. Sexual morph: Undetermined Magnaporthales Thongk et al. LSU sequence data is Ceratosphaeriaceae Z. Hyde, available. Aquapteridospora fusiformis Z. Luo, D. Bao, H. Phialides or short number: FoF , Fig.

Conidiogenous cells fungus. Conidia cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate, Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater. Sexual morph Stromata absent. Ascomata globose Asexual morph Colonies on the natural substrate effuse, to pyriform, deeply immersed to almost superficial, dark hairy, pale brown to brown.

Mycelium superficial or partly brown to black, carbonaceous, with a long cylindrical, immersed, composed of branched, septate, pale brown to black or yellow crystals neck. Periphyses well-developed. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, fairly tate, smooth, thick-walled, brown at the base, paler towards thin-walled, the apex truncate, with a conspicuous J-apical apex. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, terminal, later ring.

Ascospores arranged biseriately, narrowly cylindric- becoming intercalary, pale brown, integrated, with several fusiform, or filiform, the ends acute, thin-walled, hyaline, sympodial proliferations, bearing tiny, protuberant, circular septate, guttulate, smooth-walled.

Conidia 14—18 lm long, 5—7 lm wide Type genus: Ceratosphaeria Niessl, Verh. Phylogeneti- Undetermined. Morphologically, Pseudohalonectriaceae is 18—, holotype , ex-type living culture MFLUCC characterized by erumpent to immersed ascomata with a 18— Scale b Appearance of neck on substrate. Culture on PDA from surface k and reverse l.

Scale bars: b lm, c 50 lm, d— Holotype: MFLU 18— f 30 lm, g—j 20 lm Saprobic on decaying wood submerged in freshwater habitats. Sexual morph Ascomata — lm high, — lm diam. Ceratosphaeriaceae is distinct solitary.

Neck long, surface smooth, at times with yellow from Pseudohalonectriaceae in having narrowly cylindric- crystals. Peridium 29—43 lm thick, composed of an inner fusiform to filiform, longer ascospores.

We therefore layer of flattened hyaline cells, a middle layer of small, introduce a new family Ceratosphaeriaceae to accommo- polygonal to irregular, pale brown cells, an outer layer of date Ceratosphaeria. Pa- Ceratosphaeria Niessl, Verh. Ascospores 89—95 9 4— slimy, inconspicuous, and transparent.

Conidia cylin- Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, saprobic drical with curvature, hyaline, narrowly rounded at both on decaying wood submerged in a freshwater river, April ends, aseptate, smooth. However, Cer- detached, scattered to densely aggregated. Peridium com- atosphaeria aquatica differs from C. Interascal tissue of tulate, septate, larger ascospores 89—95 9 4—7 vs. Ceratosphaeria aquatica also periphyses well-developed. Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, shares similar morphological characters with C.

However, conspicuous, J-, apical ring. Ascospores arranged biseri- Ceratosphaeria aquatica differs from C. Type species: Ceratosphaeria lampadophora Berk. Notes: The genus Ceratosphaeria was introduced by nat.

In this study, we introduce two new species 67 7 : in Ceratosphaeria. Asexual morph: Harpophora-like. Ceratosphaeria aquatica Z. The best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood 94— vs. RAxML bootstrap support fusiform, 5—7-septate ascospores. Bayesian posterior probability equal to or higher than 0. Cannon than 0. Newly generated sequences are in red. Ex-type or ex- Aquafiliformis Z. Su, gen. Sexual morph Ascomata immersed with neck swamps Shearer and Crane Peridium composed of an inner Notes: Sequence data is not available.

Asci 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical number: FoF , Fig. Ascospores filiform, aseptate, guttulate, Etymology: Referring to this fungus dwelling on wood. Su freshwater. Sexual morph Notes: Aquafiliformis morphologically resembles Cer- Ascomata — lm diam. Peridium Paraphyses 18— clusters in Magnaporthaceae, while Cer- 4.

Asci — 9 11—13 lm atosphaeriaceae Fig. Twenty genera with available molecular Ascospores 94— 9 3. However, our decaying wood submerged in a freshwater stream, October strain differs from Muraeriata species in having globose to , Z. Ceratosphaeria lignicola differs ascospores, while Muraeriata species have lageniform to from C. Cer- creating large empty pockets, with an external brown crust atosphaeria lignicola also shares similar morphological and narrowly fusiform, septate ascospores Huhndorf et al.

Curtis Sacc. Abellini 2: Nograsek ; Hyde a. Therefore, we introduce a Notes: Saccardo introduced Ophioceras based on new genus Aquafiliformis to accommodate our collections. Ophioceras Aquafiliformis lignicola Z.

Su, species are commonly encountered on decaying woody sp. Etymology: Referring to this fungus dwelling on wood. Ophioceras aquaticus Hu et al. Sexual morph Asexual morph: Undetermined Ascomata — lm high, — lm diam.

Peridium Ophioceras arcuatisporum Shearer et al. Paraphyses 4. Sequence data drical to clavate, hyaline. Ascospores 57—69 9 2. However, Aquafiliformis lignicola differs Ophioceras dolichostomum Berk. Curtis Sacc from Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola in having differ- : Sphaeria dolichostoma Berk.

Curtis, Soc. Aquafiliformis Bot. Phyloge- wood Hyde b ; Japan, Koito River, on submerged netic analysis also support that they belong to different wood Tsui et al. Ophioceraceae Klaubauf et al. Asexual morph: Undetermined Ophioceras Sacc. Abellini 2: Notes: Holotype anon. Peridium thick, blackened. Pa- Ophioceras fusiforme Shearer et al.

Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, with small, refractive, apical rings. Culture on PDA from above k and reverse l. Scale bars: apically rounded. Lin, stream, on submerged decorticated woody debris Shearer B MFLU 18—, holotype , ex-type living culture, et al. SSU sequence based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and is related to data obtained from ex-type culture is available. Ophioceras submersum resembles O. Lain Tsuen gense in having subglobose, black ascomata with a long River, on submerged wood Tsui et al.

However, Ophio- Asexual morph: Undetermined ceras submersum differs from O. Sequence data is not smaller ascomata and longer asci Tsui et al. Phylogenetic analysis also shows that they are distinct Ophioceras hongkongense Tsui et al.

Lain Tsuen Ophioceras tenuisporum Shearer et al. River, on submerged wood Tsui et al. Iqbal J. Walker tubulin sequence data are available. Synonym: Gaeumannomyces leptosporus S. Iqbal, Ophioceras venezuelense Shearer et al. Ophioceras submersum D. Muroi, Trans. Japan 19 2 : Etymology: Referring to the submerged habitats of the Asexual morph Hyphomycetous, phialidic. Phialides fungus hyaline, micronematous, flask-shaped. Sexual morph Ascomata immersed or Saprobic on decaying wood, submerged wood in partially immersed, with a long neck, globose to subglo- freshwater.

Sexual morph bose. Peridium membranous. Paraphyses numerous, sep- Ascomata — lm diam. Asci unitunicate, cylindrical, straight or solitary, deeply immersed, subglobose or ellipsoidal, cori- curved, with J-, thimble-shaped apical ring. Ascospores aceous, black, with a long black neck. Ostiole central, with overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, multi-seriate, filiformes, straight upright neck at one end, black, periphysate. Japan 19 2 : layer of pseudoparenchyma cells occluded with brown Notes: The genus Pseudohalonectria was introduced to amorphous material, dark brown cells of textura angularis.

Paraphyses 7—10 lm wide, hyaline, septate, constricted at Hongsanan et al. Sixteen species are accepted in this submerged woody debris from Deer Pond Shearer genus, of which six species have been reported from a, b. Sequence data is not Pseudohalonectria adversaria Shearer available.

The best the forward slash red. Newly generated sequences is presented. RAxML bootstrap support values equal to or greater than are in red. Ascospores ellip- from Quiver Creek Shearer Asexual morph: Undetermined Type species: Myrmecridium schulzeri Sacc. Twelve species are accepted in this genus submerged wood Cai et al. Peintner et al. Muroi Myrmecridium aquaticum Z. Mycelium immersed, Pseudohalonectria longirostrum Shearer composed of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline hyphae.

Distribution: Panama, a twig submerged in Shannon Conidiophores — lm long, 5—7 lm wide Creek Shearer

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